Deforestation is one of the major causes to the environmental degradation which is affected by the agents like small farmers, ranches, loggers and plantation companies. Afforestation mainly refers to the planting of trees, whereas, reforestation, refers to the replanting of trees. Indeed some 31 countries do not even make the list because they have already removed most of their forests and even if that remain are seriously fragmented and degraded. Deforestation can be done using machines, like slashing away clearings with a machete or logging with chainsaws, through planned or accidental fires, or by leaving cattle to heavily graze in a forested area. Deforestation causes of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Design and create a minecraft world illustrating present day deforestation in a particular area and take a screenshot. The high rates have resulted in a number of climatic changes such as global warming with its effects on the global environment giving rise to sea levels and the resultant adverse effects. These concepts will be introduced through class discussion and independent research. Many species are so specialized to microhabitats within the forest that they can only be found in small areas. Farmers often clear the land for cattle by using slash and burn techniques cutting down trees and burning them. This website and its content is subject to our terms and conditions. Pakistans forest resources are shrinking at a rate of one percent which will have dreadful effects on the people of pakistan. Reforestation process and importance of reforestation. This association between deforestation and degradation implies that similar factors may be involved in both. The changes in area of forest by region and subregion are shown in table 1. Unsustainable management of forests in ghana from 1900. Fishbone pattern of deforestation 67, geometric pattern of deforestation 67, corridor pattern of deforestation 68, diffuse pattern of deforestation 69, patchy pattern of deforestation 70, island pattern of deforestation 71 3. Aerial view of deforestation in eastern madagascar.
Deforestation is the cutting down of a forest for human activities. The first step in turning the wilderness into a shopping center is deforestation. Pdf on apr 25, 2012, sumit chakravarty and others published deforestation. Although tropical forests are largely confined to developing countries, they arent just meeting local or national needs. About 31% of earths land surface is covered by forests. There are many factors that contribute to deforestation, each with its own causes and negative environmental impacts. Logging accounts for another 14% and the cutting of trees for use as wood fuel account for 5%. The first part of the chapter gives an overview of the extent of the problem of deforestation. Insufficient political actions and governance failure as inadequate land. Causes, effects and control strategies find, read and cite all the research you. Usually deforestation comes to meet the greater need for food and wood, resulting from the growing population. Most deforestation in south america occurs in brazil.
Most of the clearing is done for agricultural purposesgrazing cattle, planting crops. There are several ways to clear forest burning and clearcutting the land are two methods. The most concentrated deforestation occurs in tropical rainforests. There is a clear linkages between deforestation and worlds demands of fiber, food, and fuel understanding the underlying or indirect causes of deforestation is crucial to address redd and climate change most deforestation is driven from outside forestry sector e.
Agents, causes, and consequences of deforestation, degradation, and fragmentation. Natural causes as hurricanes, fires, parasites and floods human activities as agricultural expansion, cattle breeding, timber extraction, mining, oil extraction, dam construction and infrastructure development. The cattle industry has ballooned since the 1970s, giving brazil the largest commercial cattle herd in the world. As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases, a layer forms in the atmosphere that traps sun radiation. It will then discussed on link between forest fire and underlying causes of deforestation and forest degradation in indonesia. Deforestation is the conversion of forest to an alternative permanent nonforested land use such as agriculture, grazing or urban development. Pdf deforestation causes, impacts and restoration strategies.
One of the most worrying factors today is the massive destruction of the rainforest of the world is affecting the biodiversity adversely, as well as being one of the major contributory factors to the ongoing holocene mass extinction. Deforestation can be defined as the largescale removal of trees from forests or other lands for the facilitation of human activities. Although humans have practiced deforestation since ages, it was in the mid1800s that forests began to be destroyed at an unprecedented rate. Tes global ltd is registered in england company no 02017289 with its registered office. Degradation can also be a precursor to deforestation, because logging reduces the perceived conservation value of and increases access to the forest, which leads to clearing asner et al. If deforestation is the destruction of the forest, reforestation is the construction of forest. To examine some causes and consequences of tropical deforestation. Natural causes as hurricanes, fires, parasites and floods. Direct causes people have been deforesting the earth for thousands of years, primarily to clear land for crops or livestock. The vast oldgrowth forests that once covered much of the world have largely been cut and burned down because of agriculture.
Marsfm working paper 5 2007 forestry department food and agriculture organization of the united nations manual on deforestation, degradation, and fragmentation using remote sensing and gis prepared by giri tejaswi rome, march 2007 strengthening monitoring, assessment and reporting on sustainable forest management in asia gcpint988jpn. Without trees to anchor fertile soil, erosion can occur and sweep the land into rivers. Deforestation causes, effects and solutions conserve. Economic causes of deforestation in the brazilian amazon.
Human activities as agricultural expansion, cattle breeding, timber extraction, mining, oil extraction, dam construction and infrastructure development. Deforestation can result from deliberate removal of forest cover for agriculture or urban development, or it can be an unintentional consequence of uncontrolled grazing which can prevent the natural regeneration of young trees. We first exposed how liberias former president charles taylor currently serving a 50 year sentence for war crimes sold off liberias forests to logging companies, using the proceeds to buy arms and maintain his regime. Deforestation is the process of cutting down trees and clearing land.
Apart from this, wood based industries like paper, matchsticks. Help us write another book on this subject and reach those readers. Deforestation definition, causes, effects, and control. Chopping down of trees disrupts the flow of water and leads to floods in some areas. Opinion deforestation and drought the new york times. It is a serious environmental concern since it can result in the loss of biodiversity, damage to natural habitats, disturbances in the water cycle, and soil erosion. Poverty versuscapitaldriven deforestation 72 povertydriven deforestation 73, capitaldriven deforestation 74. The causes of deforestation in developing countries article pdf available in annals of the association of american geographers 752. Deforestation deforestation regrowth undisturbed forest forest fragments figure 1. The global effects of deforestation cause major problems worldwide. An increasing supplydemand for products such as palm oil and soybeans are driving producers to clear forests at an unnerving rate. Deforestation can involve conversion of forest land to farms, ranches, or urban use. Deforestation happens for many reasons, such as logging, agriculture, natural disasters, urbanization and mining. This article, which synthesizes the results of more.
Causes of deforestation are the forces that motivate the agents to clear the forests. Pakistan is not selfsufficient in wood based products and spends billions of rupees on import of wood and wood based products. Concluding remarks there is a clear linkages between deforestation and worlds demands of fiber, food, and fuel understanding the underlying or indirect causes of deforestation is crucial to address redd and climate change most deforestation is driven from outside forestry sector e. But its history is long, and stretches far back into the corridors of time when humans first occupied the earth and began to use fire deliberately, probably some halfamillion years ago. Atmospheric for global warming deforestation is the major contributor. The agricultural plants that often replace the trees cannot hold onto the soil. Pdf restoration forestry or ecoforestry or sustainable forestry is basically not aimed to produce forest trees for logging or any sort of human. Pdf the causes of deforestation in developing countries. Deforestation, clearance, clearcutting or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees from land which is then converted to a nonforest use. More important than that however, is the fact that within this relatively short period, deforestation rates have fluctuated significantly inpe 2009. Global witness has also shown how logging bankrolls murderous regimes. Track elected officials, research health conditions, and find news you can use in politics.
This biodiversity has multiple social and economic values, apart from its intrinsic value. Logging has played an important role in regional economy. Once the trees are removed, the land turns into a nonforest area, which is generally used for agriculture. Causes, effects and control strategies chapter pdf available april 2012 with 81,866 reads. Following a private rationale, the dynamics of the occupation process. However, most of the existing literature typically distinguishes between two levels of specific factors.
Causes of deforestation of the brazilian amazon isbn. Oct 11, 2015 largescale deforestation is thus believed to be a major contributor to the extreme drought in brazil. Tropical deforestation contributes as much as 90% of the current net release of biotic carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Deforestation causes can either be direct or indirect.
Download fulltext pdf download fulltext pdf deforestation. This change may represent as much as 20% 30% of the total carbon flux due to humans, i. Cause and effects of deforestation linkedin slideshare. Effects of tropical deforestation on climate and agriculture. Cattle ranching is now the biggest cause of deforestation in the amazon, and nearly 80 per cent of deforested areas in brazil are now used for pasture.
Factors affecting deforestation and forest degradation in. Deforestation is consequently an important potential source of carbon. Deforestation can also occur to produce the wood and organic materials needed for a variety of industries. The high rates of deforestation in recent years however have become concerned for all governments all over the world. Humans have practiced accidental and controlled deforestation for centuries to create space and resources to build civilizations. Why deforestation happens deforestation occurs in many ways. Causes, effects and control strategies sumit chakravarty 1, s. Deforestation by a peasant farmer is often done to raise crops for selfsubsistence, and is driven by the basic human need for food. Us news is a recognized leader in college, grad school, hospital, mutual fund, and car rankings. The dark areas are forest, the white is deforested areas, and the gray is regrowth. According to fao, deforestation is the conversion of. Agriculture is one of the primary drivers of deforestation both in modern times and in ancient times. The combined effect of grazing and fires can be a major cause of deforestation in dry areas. Why is deforestation a serious global environmental problem.
This can include clearing the land for agriculture or grazing, or using the timber for fuel, construction. During this period deforestation rates have been above historical levels. Biodiversity impacts although tropical forests cover only about 7 percent of the earths dry land, they probably harbor about half of all species on earth. Basic concepts of deforestation, degradation, and fragmentation 2. Next, predict the effects of deforestation in the same area as it would look in the next 510 years o once the design is complete, take a screenshot of the final product. There is a broad consensus that expansion of cropped areas and pastures are a major source of. Causes, effects and control strategies 5 deforestation are maintained. Their estimates showed uncontrolled forest fires were responsible for about 9 percent of total forest degradation from 2000 to 2010. Lesson 2 deforestation research assignment introduction lesson overview this lesson will introduce students to the concept of deforestation, its effects on the environment, and how countries are working to save their forests. According to the secretariat of the unfccc united nations framework convention on climate change, agriculture is the root cause of 80% of deforestation. Causes of deforestation in pakistan is open for the scholarship allows level programms in the field of taught at the deadline of the scholarhip is.
Deforestation is the permanent removal of trees to make room for something besides forest. Mean precipitation remains unchanged, partly owing to the opposing signals of local and regional impacts and because global averaging minimizes these climatic responses5,911. Butler the most immediate impact of deforestation occurs at the local level with the loss of ecological services provided by tropical rainforests and related ecosystems. When it rains, trees absorb and store a large amount of water with the help of their roots. Scientists have long known that vegetation has a profound effect on weather. Lesson 2 deforestation research assignment introduction. A major cause of deforestation is agriculture plantations. The goals of both afforestation and reforestation are the same. Dec, 2012 deforestation effects, causes, and examples. The definition of deforestation is the removal of trees and plants by humans. Logging, including illegal logging, is a driver of deforestation. Nevertheless, deforestation has been a widespread phenomenon in tropical africa, with an annual forest clearance of between 1.
Deforestation can be on a small scale the size of someones backyard or of large mountain ranges. Due to the rapid rate of deforestation in central america, habitat loss is their main threat. Causes and effects of deforestation global witness. For this reason, the fpp wishes to include deforestation as a topic in their educational and research programs. Such habitats afford humans valuable services such as. In our search for model solutions to the deforestation problem we first summarise the causes of deforestation, special attention being paid to the situation in. Largescale deforestation is thus believed to be a major contributor to the extreme drought in brazil.
In many countries, people clear land to use it for other purposes, such as agriculture, pasture land, and urban development. Deforestation is the removal or destruction of large areas of forest or rainforest. Causes, effects and control strategies, global perspectives on sustainable forest management, okia clement akais, intechopen, doi. The water level of the rivers increases suddenly, causing floods. List of books and articles about deforestation online. Deforestation and climate change climate institute. It is a common misconception that deforestation is a recent occurrence, gaining momentum in the tropical regions of the world since about 1950. Deforestation leads to land erosion because the trees maintain the surface of the mountains. Deforestation generally increases rates of soil loss, by increasing the amount of runoff and reducing the protection of the soil from tree litter.